Jane asked:

Besides Cartesian mind-matter, or mind-body dualism, in what other ways is the term "dualism" used
in the philosophical sense?

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There is "epistemological dualism." This is the view that human beings know about the material world
only by inference from the subjective sensations or perceptions which are the "given." This sets up
the "problem of the external world," how can we know that there is a material world external to our
minds? This view also gives rise to solipsism; the suspicion that each individual is alone in the world,
or that, at least no one can know he is not alone in the world.

In the 18th century, Spinoza among the major philosophers questioned epistemological dualism (as
he did the metaphysical dualism you mention in your question.) He also repudiated it. So did Thomas
Reid in England.

In contemporary philosophy, epistemological dualism has come under sustained attack by
philosophers like L. Wittgenstein (the "private language" problem); Wilfred Sellars in his "The Myth of
the Given," J.L. Austin has argued for the kind of direct realism first argued by Thomas Reid.
Although some philosophers still accept epistemological dualism, and argue from the possibility of
"brains in vats" based on it, it is losing a good deal of its supposed self-evidence.

Kenneth Stern