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By thinking. But that's not enough; you need training in how to think. You only get that through
interaction with people who already know how. How do you get that? School, reading, writing and
having your writing (and thinking) criticized. How do you get good criticism? By finding competent
people to critique you. How do you do that? Find a good school. And/or, write your ideas and submit
them to journals that review and reject articles, not to journals that publish anything. You will find that
it takes years of training to succeed, so be prepared for that. Another way (really the same general
way) to get training in very specific ways of thinking: learn computer programming; learn the games of
chess or (better) go. All of these require interaction with others to verify your competence, all require
years to get that competence. There is no easy way to learn to think competently. People who do it
when they're young have bumped up against others already competent, probably their parents, from
birth, basically. If you didn't have that, you just have to grit your teeth and go after it yourself.
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